A novel BCS code in F-OFDM system: a promising candidate for 5G wireless communication systems

Due to the rapid growth in wireless communication systems, Long Term Evolution (LTE), mainly based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), no longer meets wireless communication systems request and higher data rate requirements. Thus, to support a number of users, higher throughput, reliability, and lower latency, 5G is a candidate to meet these features. Furthermore, OFDM does not meet the demand of 5G because of its high Out Of Band Emission (OOBE) and Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Filtered-OFDM (f-OFDM) is considered an alternative waveform for OFDM and a candidate technique for 5G because of its lower OOBE and similar features of familiar OFDM. However, there is a trade-off among reducing OOBE, Bit Error Rate (BER) degradation, and rising PAPR. Therefore, a novel BCS code has been proposed in this thesis for the filtered-OFDM system to improve BER performance with maintaining its low OOBE. It is created using a new methodology that differs from conventional concatenated RS/BCH codes. Hence, an inner RS (7, 1) code has been proposed to achieve compatibility with an outer BCH (15, 5) code and appended by interleaver to create a novel BCS code with low complexity. The results showed that using a novel BCS code in LTE system reduces BER, significantly improved to be better than single and concatenated RS/BCH codes with low decoding complexity. On the other hand, using a novel BCS code in f-OFDM system achieved 0.8dB coding gain at 8×10-3 BER and 1dB coding gain at 2×10-3 BER versus conventional OFDM system in both BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes, respectively. Meanwhile, the proposed system reduced both OOBE and PAPR lower than the conventional OFDM system. In conclusion, due to its low OOBE, improving BER, and minimizing PAPR better than conventional OFDM system, the proposed system is presented as a high competitor candidate of 5G wireless communication systems

Downlink LTE System Performance Improvement by Using BCH Codes over LTE-MIMO Channel

Long-term Evolution (LTE) has potential feasibility to implement high-speed data transmission. This technology is essential for accommodating the rising utilization of data and voice service. Nonetheless, the main problem is the deteriorated performance of wireless communication systems following the elevation in bit error rate (BER) owing to multipath fading environments. Therefore, using channel coding is essential to reduce BER, which leads to enhancement of system performance of digital communication systems. Previous studies have reported utilization of channel codes including turbo and convolutional codes in LTE systems for attaining error control system. As such, the key challenge of selecting category of coding method is the trade-off between elevating decoding complexity and enhancing system performance. Hence, the study herein proposed Bose and Chaudhuri (BCH) codes as channel coding for downlink LTE system over MIMO channel. This is aimed to attain an adaptive error control with low complexity compared to turbo and convolutional codes. The findings indicated that BCH codes had reduced BER compared to turbo and convolutional codes in both quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes and binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) with regard to the downlink LTE system performance. The suggested method had approximately 4dB coding gain at 1X10-1 against both of convolutional and turbo codes in BPSK. While, for QPSK, the proposed method had approximately 5dB and 6dB compared to turbo and convolutional codes, respectively. Nonetheless, enhanced performance of the suggested system was observed through reducing BER of the received data by adding the number of antennas in MIMO channel

UFMC and f-OFDM: Contender Waveforms of 5G Wireless Communication System

Because of the increased demand for high data rates, looking for using new technologies that meet these requirements are considered a necessary. Hence, Fifth Generation (5G) is expected to be impressive in offering these requirements and implement around 2020. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is considered a main technology of LTE wireless communication standards. Due to its suffering from high Bit Error Rate (BER) and Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR), OFDM doesn't consider as charming solution for future wireless communications and several emerging applications of 5G. Moreover, high Out of Band Emission (OOBE) and inability of supporting the flexible numerology are other demerits of OFDM systems. Thus, looking for alternative waveforms which have the ability of solving OFDM disadvantages are necessary to introduce it as contender candidate for 5G wireless communication systems. In this paper, both of Filtered-OFDM (f-OFDM) and Universal Filtered Multi carrier (UFMC) systems have been discussed for 5G wireless communication systems and compared to OFDM system. The results showed that f-OFDM system is better than both OFDM and UFMC systems and could be introducing as competitive candidate for 5G wireless communication systems because of its ability of reducing OOBE and enhancing BER performance

RS Codes for Downlink LTE System over LTE-MIMO Channel

Nowdays, different applications require a modern generation of mobile communication systems; long term evolution (LTE) is a candidate to achieve this purpose. One important challenge in wireless communications, including LTE systems, is the suitable techniques of controlling errors that degrade system performance in transmission systems over multipath fading channels. Different forward Error correction (FEC) techniqes are required to improve the robustness of transmission channels. In this paper, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes were used with a downlink LTE system over a LTE-MIMO channel. This research contributes by combining RS codes that have low decoding complexity (by using hard decision decoding) with a LTE-MIMO channel to improve downlink LTE system performance. The results show that using RS codes clearly improves LTE system performance and thus decreases Bit Error Rates (BER) more than convolutional and turbo codes which have high decoding complexity. Lastly, the results show also extra improvements of downlink LTE system performance by increasing the number of antennas of the LTE-MIMO channel

Effect of Current Transformer Impedace on Secondary Injection Accuracy

ان الطريقة التقليدية لاجراء اختبار الحقن الثانوي  تتضمن فصل الملف الثانوي لمحولة التيار عن دائرة الفحص. هذا البحث يتحقق من ان وجود الملفات الثانوية لمحولة التيار ضمن دائرة الفحص يؤثر على دقة نتائج الفحص لم لا. تم استخدام برنامج الماتلاب من اجل نمذجة و محاكاة دائرة الفحص. لقد اظهرت نتائج الاختبارات بان وجود  الملف الثانوي لمحولة التيار ضمن دائرة الحقن الثانوي لايؤثر على دقة نتائج الفحص.The traditional procedure of the secondary injection test includes splitting the secondary winding of current transformer from the test circuit. This work investigates whether the presence of the current transformer secondary winding inside the test circuit affects the accuracy of the test results or not. Matlab/Simulink has been used in this paper for modeling and simulating  the tested circuit. Paper results show that the accuracy of the test is not affected when the secondary winding of current transformer presence inside the test circuit

Downlink LTE System Performance Improvement by Using BCH Codes over LTE-MIMO Channel

Long-term Evolution (LTE) has potential feasibility to implement high-speed data transmission. This technology is essential for accommodating the rising utilization of data and voice service. Nonetheless, the main problem is the deteriorated performance of wireless communication systems following the elevation in bit error rate (BER) owing to multipath fading environments. Therefore, using channel coding is essential to reduce BER, which leads to enhancement of system performance of digital communication systems. Previous studies have reported utilization of channel codes including turbo and convolutional codes in LTE systems for attaining error control system. As such, the key challenge of selecting category of coding method is the trade-off between elevating decoding complexity and enhancing system performance. Hence, the study herein proposed Bose and Chaudhuri (BCH) codes as channel coding for downlink LTE system over MIMO channel. This is aimed to attain an adaptive error control with low complexity compared to turbo and convolutional codes. The findings indicated that BCH codes had reduced BER compared to turbo and convolutional codes in both quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes and binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) with regard to the downlink LTE system performance. The suggested method had approximately 4dB coding gain at 1X10-1 against both of convolutional and turbo codes in BPSK. While, for QPSK, the proposed method had approximately 5dB and 6dB compared to turbo and convolutional codes, respectively. Nonetheless, enhanced performance of the suggested system was observed through reducing BER of the received data by adding the number of antennas in MIMO channel

Concatenated RS-convolutional codes for MIMO-OFDM over multipath fading channel

The enormous developments through recent years in the wireless communications applications have led to important needs for increasing the data bandwidth and channel reliability (the probability of correct reception at the receiver) which are required to support several multimedia applications. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become the common method for services that need high data rate and robust to the inter-symbol interference (ISI). On the other hand, high data rate transmission needs more bandwidth. This problem gives a great motivation to use Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique as a solution to increase the spectral efficiency. Therefore, the combination of OFDM with MIMO systems will allow higher data throughput while increasing the bandwidth efficiency at the same time. However,the channel coding technique is still required in MIMO-OFDM system in order to improve error performance by protecting the data transmission and decreasing the Bit Error Rate (BER) over fading and noisy channel. Therefore, this thesis proposes a concatenated Reed-Solomon\Convolutional code for MIMO-OFDM system as a channel coding technique, so that the bandwidth efficiency and the channel reliability can be increased. The performance of MIMO-OFDM using concatenated Reed-Solomon and Convolutional Codes is investigated over Rayleigh fading channel with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), and Rician fading channel with AWGN. The simulation works have been carried out using MATLAB software. The channel reliability improvements are performed by the curve of Bit Error Rate (BER) against Signal-to- Noise Ratio (SNR). The performance of MIMO-OFDM system with concatenated code has also been compared with other possible concatenated systems over Rayleigh and Rician fading channel. Using the proposed system, a coding gain up to 16dB at 10-3 of BER has been obtained over Rayleigh fading channel with AWGN, while 11dB of coding gain at 10-3 of BER has been achieved over Rician fading channel with AWGN, compared to uncoded MIMO-OFDM system also it performs better than other concatenated MIMO-OFDM systems. The results show that the proposed code rate is performed better than other code rates with MIMO-OFDM system over both of Rayleigh and Rician fading channel with AWGN. Lastly, the burst error has been analyzed in our proposed system for both of interleaving process and Reed-Solomon Codes

STUDY OF MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN BREAST CANCER DETECTION

Medical imaging is a process and technique used to create images to the human body or parts and function thereof for clinical purposes, to medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease or medical science. In this paper we will explain three types of medical imaging techniques; Magnetic resonant Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Ultrasound (US) that are used in the breast cancer detection, then we will compare among them to know which one of this techniques are better to use in the detection of breast cancer by taking in the account all of the sensitivity, resolution, cost and side effect. The results show that superior of MRI against the both of PET and Ultrasound in the sensitivity and resolution, while the disadvantages of MRI techniques was the high cost and time required to get imaging

UFMC system performance improvement using RS codes for 5G communication system

Fifth generation (5G) mobile communication is expected to be deployed in several countries by 2020. Where, the data consumptions are expected to be increased to 30% thus, it cannot be supported by the present technologies 3G and 4G. In contrast, looking for new alternative modulation techniques of orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) system which is suffering from high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and out of band (OOB) side lobes are needed to use in 5G communication system. Hence, Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) is considered as alternative waveform to overcome of OFDM disadvantages. In communication systems, channel coding is considered vital part, where error correction codes (ECC) are used to detect and correct the errors which is occurring in channel noise. In this paper, RS codes are suggested with UFMC system to achieve the reliability of information transmission over noisy channels. The results showed that although, the values of PAPR levels for using RS codes in UFMC increased to 8.8653dB against 6.9735 dB for OFDM system. However, there are significant improvements in BER performance owing to use RS codes against uncoded-UFMC system. Furthermore, the values of OOB in UFMC system was lower than OFDM system

Concatenated RS-convolutional codes for MIMO-OFDM system

In this study, the performance of multi input multi output of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system will be investigate by using channel coding of concatenated Reed-Solomon with convolutional codes. The system has been tested over additive white Gaussian noise with both of Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The aim of proposing the concatenated Reed Solomon/convolutional codes is to improve the signal to noise ratio of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. The simulation results shown a significant improvement achieved to the multiple input multiple output of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system by using concatenated technique against other techniques. The coding gain achieved in the proposed technique was 10 dB at the BER of 10-2 compared to the uncoded system over Rayleigh fading with additive white Gaussian noise while it was almost 7 dB at 10-2 over Rician fading channel with additive white Gaussian noise. The results showed that, the degradation in the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system due to Rayleigh fading channel was more than the Rician fading channel. Lastly, the simulation results proved that by using concatenated Reed Solomon/convolutional codes with multiple input multiple output system will achieve more improvement than by using only concatenated Reed Solomon/Convolutional codes with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system